Ray Peat on oxidation

"About 40 years ago, someone noticed that the commercial cholesterol used for research was contaminated by oxidation, and that pure cholesterol didn’t produce the same toxic effects."

- September 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The age pigment, ceroid or lipofuscin, that’s derived largely from PUFA and associated with the macrophage foam cells in the plaque, accumulates iron (Lee, et al, 1998), and by catalyzing oxidation, creates local hypoxia, leading to lactic acid production, contributing to an inflammatory process. The products of lipid peroxidation, such as azelaic acid (Riad, et al., 2018), along with lactate, lead to the calcification of tissue."

- September 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"the foam cells found in atherosclerosis plaques contain . ..cholesterol esters, principally cholesteryl eicosapentaenoate, cholesteryl docosahexaenoate, cholesteryl arachidonate, cholesteryl linoleate and cholesteryl oleate. The oxidation of these fatty acids produces acrolein and related compounds which block the ability of cells to regulate cholesterol"

- September 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Energetically, the estrogen-dominated metabolic state is less efficient than the oxidative state which is dominated by thyroid and progesterone (or testosterone). The estrogen state, like the rats state of learned helplessness, is parasympathetic, in the sense that many chemical balances have moved away from the mobilized sympathetic or adrenergic state. The estrogen state, for example, depresses blood sugar, while the mobilized state spares glucose by oxidizing fat."

- Nutrition For Women

"Sugar can be used to produce energy with or without oxygen, but oxidative metabolism is about 15 times more efficient than the non-oxidative glycolytic or fermentive metabolism; higher organisms depend on this high efficiency oxidation for maintaining integration and normal functioning:"

- Nutrition For Women

"On the cellular level, stress lowers the energy charge. Systemically, stress inhibits oxidative metabolism. Both of these observations indicate that the basic anti-stress hormone would be thyroid."

- Nutrition For Women

"All kinds of stress tend to make the liver sluggish. The liver normally removes toxins and excess hormones from the body. Estrogen can accumulate to high levels if the liver isnt fully active. One effect of estrogen is to promote oxidation of a type which doesnt provide energy, thus raising oxygen requirements."

- Nutrition For Women

"Vitamin E promotes oxidation in many ways, and seems to specifically oppose many of the effects of excess estrogen. For example, it can help protect the liver against damage by toxins (all the nutrients are needed by the liver though). It opposes the tendency of estrogen to create age pigment. It activates the blood protease, and so speeds clot removal and prevents clot formation inside blood vessels, but there is also evidence that it promotes normal clotting in wounds."

- Nutrition For Women

"Inside the cells, vitamin E inhibits destructive and wasteful oxidation (such as is involved in aging and cancer) and makes the normal oxidative process more efficient, providing more useful energy for a given amount of oxygen."

- Nutrition For Women

"The relevant effects of thyroid (especially with progesterone, to promote tissue response to thyroid, and to block cortisone production) however, are stimulation of protein synthesis and the prevention of lactate formation - or the stimula tion of its oxidation, either by the tumor itself or by other tissues, to prevent its entry into the Cori cycle, for gluconeogenesis."

- Nutrition For Women

"Tyrosine metabolism, which is involved in brain function, is sensitive to vitamin C; also. vitamin C maintains tissue adrenaline levels, possibly by inhibiting its oxidation, and adrenaline is necessary for the chalones to exert their function of inhibiting cell division."

- Nutrition For Women

"E. Racker and other biochemists have pointed out that the unsaturated (liquid) fatty acids are able to uncouple the energy producing reactions from oxidation. This means that they will promote consumption of fuel without increasing fat synthesis. This is an effect similar to the specific dynamic action of proteins, and it is the biochemical explanation for the fact that all calories dont count the same as far as weight reduction goes. But this also means that all useful energy production is reduced in relation to heat production."

- Nutrition For Women

"The unsaturated oils also can stimulate a dangerous kind of oxidation, in which they break down in ways that seem to accelerate the aging process. One of the more conservative investigators of vitamin E recently (in A.J. Clin. Nutr., 1974) revised his opinion regarding the required amount of vitamin E: he wrote that the requirement of 15 mg./day will be increased to about 50 mg./day if the person eats much unsaturated oil (fish, seeds, etc.)."

- Nutrition For Women

"The idea that a calorie is a calorie, or a simple calorie counting approach fails to recognize not only the specific dynamic action of proteins (the action of oils is usually called uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation), but also fails to recognize events at the organismic level, such as insulin secretion, which form a link between the form in which food is taken (composition and timing) and the behavior, appetite, and metabolism."

- Nutrition For Women

"John Speakman and Martin Brand have published various examples in which basal metabolic rate is proportional to life span (e.g., Speakman, et al., 2004). They showed that a higher rate of oxidative metabolism reduced the formation of harmful random oxidation, as well as being associated with longer life."

- November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Our body temperature is maintained by the rate of energy production, and that’s mainly the result of the oxidation of fuels by mitochondria."

- November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The age pigment, lipofuscin, is produced by oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, that accumulate with age, have been known for about 80 years to be the main source of this material. These fatty acids inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol"

- November 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"the cholinergic parasympathetic system tending to reduce glucose oxidation. Exaggerated activation of this system produces shock, with extreme inhibition of respiratory metabolism, but in normal circumstances, this system’s activity increases during the night and decreases during the day."

- November 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"If injury effectively means hypoxia with activation of estrogenic processes, then we can see that, in outline, the healing recovery process will involve various means for restoring tissue oxidative metabolism."

- November 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The changes Meersons group has seen in high altitude therapy resemble the changes that occur during supplementation with thyroid and antioxidants. The lower concentration of oxygen in tissues at high elevation would increase the antioxidant reserves of the organism, making it more resistant to stress. Decreasing the use of dietary unsaturated fats similarly protects against oxidative stress."

- Mind And Tissue Russian Research Perspectives on the Human Brain

"In a state of chronic stress, oxidative energy production is low, and mediators of inflammation are likely to be chronically increased; there is typically a chronically increased production of lactate, and/or decreased oxidation of it. I"

- May 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The levels of aldosterone and parathyroid hormone are increased by stress, with serotonin acting on the adrenal cortex and the parathyroid gland to increase their secretion. All three of those hormones act on the mitochondria to lower oxidative energy production."

- May 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Increasing the amount of sodium and calcium (and vitamin D, which also helps to lower parathyroid hormone and aldosterone) in the diet can lower the secretion of aldosterone and parathyroid hormone, with a resulting increasing in oxidative energy production."

- May 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Each person has a unique history and a unique situation, which must be understood if the disease is to be overcome. For example, each person has a unique intestinal flora, a unique combination of fatty acids that changes from day to day, and unique ways of maintaining a balance of oxidation and reduction processes in response to stresses."

- May 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"In childhood and maturity, vigorous oxidative metabolism can maintain some of the essential protective factors of gestation, including adequate levels of glucose and carbon dioxide, good temperature regulation, and avoiding overproduction of superoxide and lactate. In these conditions, the cytokines can contribute to adaptation and continuing development."

- March 2021 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"It’s the oxidation of glucose (producing carbon dioxide), which is favored by warmth and the right amount of insulin, that can prevent inflammation"

- March 2021 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"For several decades high altitude physiologists have been perplexed by what they call the lactate paradox, the fact that exercise at high altitude, with less oxygen, produces less increase in lactic acid in the blood than it does at sea level, allowing quicker recovery, since it is understood that it is oxidative metabolism that prevents the formation of lactic acid—the lower oxygen availability should lead to a higher lactate content at high altitude, and slower recovery."

- March 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The oxidative processes that support purposive, creative functioning of the organism, optimize CO2 by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase; this enzyme is inhibited by thyroid hormone T3, progesterone, urea, caffeine, antipsychotic drugs, and aspirin. Agents that tend to cause reversion to the primitive anaerobic energy production activate the enzyme—serotonin, tryptophan, cysteine, histamine, estrogen, aldosterone, HIF, SSRIs, angiotensin, and parathyroid hormone, for example."

- March 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The ability to relax and to accumulate energy and substance for differentiation corresponds to the presence of oxidative, high efficiency energy production. The intensity of the metabolic cycle, alternating activity and quiescence, sustains the complexity and intensity of life."

- March 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Although free fatty acids normally increase during the night, their increase is much greater when sleep is inadequate, and a diabetes-like metabolism appears, with a shift toward the oxidation of fat rather than glucose."

- March 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Since thyroid hormone is needed for oxidative metabolism everywhere in the body, its deficiency makes brain cells slow to relax, delaying the onset of sleep, and can even prevent the deepest restorative sleep. Since all cells are regulated by excitatory and inhibitory processes, hypothyroidism can create a bias toward excitatory states, leading to abnormal secretion and proliferation, for example."

- March 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The intensity of lipolysis during the night is decreased during the most restorative deep sleep, but the free fatty acids themselves, by blocking oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide, tend to increase lactate and to depress glucose metabolism, creating an inflammatory and excitatory state that interferes with deep sleep."

- March 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Thyroid hormone, by promoting the oxidation of glucose, and increasing ATP, is extremely important for the ability to achieve and maintain the needed deep sleep."

- March 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The synthesis of serotonin in the brain depends on the activity of the enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase, TPH, and this enzyme is activated by excitation of the cell, with increased intracellular calcium and reduced glutathione (GSH), and inactivated by oxidation of glutathione."

- July 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The enzyme that degrades superoxide, superoxide dismutase (SOD), is sold as a health food supplement, following the cultural script that aging is caused by oxidative stress, and that antioxidants are protective. That view is being increasingly questioned, with the recognition of a reductive cellular state as a common factor in shock, stress, and degeneration."

- July 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The substitution of information for energy, the abstraction of the world, led to theories of aging and death of organisms as resulting from the inevitable, entropic, loss of information, the degradation of DNA through somatic mutations, produced by oxidative damage, and to a theory of the fate of the universe as an entropic heat death."

- July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"In hypothyroidism, with lowered oxidative metabolism, the organism is never far from stress and hyperventilation, with the chronic production of lactate and ammonia. The inefficient metabolism of diabetes has similar effects."

- July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The weak oxidative metabolism in hypothyroidism makes it easy to enter a state of reductive stress, with a shift toward a higher concentration of NADH and lactate."

- July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"There are several important mechanisms that are involved in perpetuating a pseudohypoxic state, and they can operate in a single tissue or organ, as well as in a generalized way throughout the organism. The thing that is often overlooked is the coherent overlapping interaction of the structural sulfhydryl redox system (-SH, -SS-), the redox regulation of gene expression, the glycolytic and oxidative energy metabolisms, regulation of pH and ionic selectivity, osmolarity, and solvent properties, especially the hydroephobic/hydrophilic balance."

- July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Stress modifies our breathing, causing a vicious cycle, in which the lactate and ammonia produced when stimulation exceeds our oxidative capacity stimulate more intense breathing, causing more carbon dioxide to be lost, reducing oxidative efficiency and increasing the formation of ammonia and lactate."

- July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"in living tissue the respiratory pigments are in a dynamic equilibrium between oxidation and reduction."

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"In the 1950s and 1960s, Szent-Gyorgyi began talking openly about life processes in terms of a very precise balance between oxidation and reduction which kept systems of electrons in cells in a special free-radical-like state, oscillating between donor and acceptor molecules. He believed that a deficiency of the naturally occurring oxidative dicarbonyl molecule methylglyoxal might be a cause of cancer."

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The ability of glucose to reduce excitation in other situations probably involves the increased oxidative state;"

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"With a limited supply of oxygen but an unlimited supply of lactate, the cell’s metabolic reactions are shifted toward a reduced, electronrich, state. This state inhibits the oxidation of glucose by blocking the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, supporting the formation of lactate. These are internal processes of stressed cells, that can be interrupted when the organism provides corrective factors to restore oxidation."

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"When the organism as a whole is overburdened, with stress physiology passing into the learned helplessness™ or shock states, its metabolism shifts in the direction of reductive, pseudohypoxic metabolism, in which the nervous system suppresses oxidative metabolism,"

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The cell-quieting effect of sugar oxidation probably involves the greater production of carbon dioxide with a shift of the electronic balance toward a more oxidized and coherent state."

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Aging itself involves a metabolic shift in the direction of cancer metabolism, with a relative inability to reduce energy expenditure in the basal, fasting state, and with increased fat oxidation, decreased glucose oxidation"

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"‘When CO2 is increased, the redox balance of the cell is shifted in the direction of oxidation (Melnychuk, et al., 1977), the use of glucose for growth and fat synthesis is inhibited, and the Krebs cycle is activated (Melnychuk, et al., 1978)."

- July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Electromagnetic fields, affecting the charged materials, significantly affect cellular coacervates, whether the fields are internally or externally produced. The constant energy flow produced by oxidation and reduction is one of the cell’s important formative influences."

- January 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"progesterone’s effects are antagonistic to the effects of the other major steroid hormones, especially estrogen, cortisol, and aldosterone. Those hormones interfere with energy metabolism, specifically with the oxidation of glucose."

- January 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"It seems likely that a basic part of progesterone’s ability to protect the brain against stress is its support for the high energy mitochondrial oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide."

- January 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Stress exists to the degree that cells are shifted into a reductive, pseudohypoxic state, by an imbalance between stimulation and the rate of restorative oxidative metabolism."

- January 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"he reductive state, resulting from starvation or hypoglycemia, or an excess of lactate or fat, or oxygen deprivation, activates the release of glutamate, and the excitation produced by that can shut off mitochondrial oxidation, reinforcing the state of pseudohypoxia. Nitric oxide synthesis, activated by reductive stress, is a major factor in the suppression of mitochondrial oxidation."

- January 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Carbon dioxide is both a product of, and an activator of, oxidative energy production,"

- January 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Other substances that protect against the effects of hypoglycemia or impaired glucose oxidation include progesterone, caffeine, certain anesthetics including xenon, niacinamide, agmatine, carbon dioxide,"

- January 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"A substance such as estrogen is able to interrupt oxidative metabolism to initiate reproduction of the organism, or to stimulate tissue repair, in response to a local injury."

- January 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"One of the anti-respiratory substances produced by estrogen is carbon monoxide (Tschugguel, et al., 2001). Another inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidation, hydrogen sulfide, is also increased by estrogen (Lechuga, et al., 2015)."

- January 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The shift of metabolic fuel from glucose to fat causes the oxidation state of the organism to shift to the reduced side, away from the oxidized state which favors stable differentiated functioning."

- January 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"When a particular cell or tissue becomes highly reduced, nitrate and nitrite can be converted to nitric oxide, leading to a vicious circle of blocked glucose oxidation and a more reductive condition."

- January 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"When the oxidation of glucose is impaired, with fatty acids being oxidized for energy, there is usually a decrease in the overall metabolic rate, as well as a shift toward a more reductive biochemistry. A"

- January 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The avoidance of oxidatively toxic heavy metals, and the maintenance of respiration, with an absence of the highly peroxidizable unsaturated fats in the diet (and a lower level of them in the storage tissues) would probably make the animals tolerate stress better (EFA deficient mitochondria are more resistant to oxidative injury, and vitamin E prevents many stress-associated problems), and might inhibit the age-related oxidative changes in serum albumin, red blood cells, and other tissues"

- Generative Energy Restoring The Wholeness Of Life

"In the 1950s, several endocrinologists gathered evidence to show that estrogen can function as a catalyst in the oxidation and reduction of the pyridine nucleotides, NADPH and NADH. But in the 1960s, the doctrine that estrogens effects were mediated exclusively by the estrogen receptor began replacing all other ideas about estrogen chemistry and physiology."

- 2001 - February

"J. G. Liehr, and a few others, are still demonstrating that estrogen can function as a catalyst in redox cycling (alternate reduction and oxidation), which generates toxic free radicals, and can potentially serve as a drain on the NADH systems. In functioning as a redox catalyst, estrogen oscillates between an oxidized and a reduced molecular form. In this context, the ratio of the different forms of estrogen takes on an entirely different meaning than simply their different effects on the so-called estrogen receptors."

- 2001 - February

"Heart failure, shock, and other problems involving excess lactic acid can be treated successfully by poisoning glycolysis with dichloroacetic acid, reducing the production of lactic acid, increasing the oxidation of glucose, and increasing cellular ATP concentration: Thyroid, vitamin B1, biotin, etc., do the same."

- 2000 - July

"An increase of free fatty acids suppresses the oxidation of glucose. (This is called the Randle effect, glucose-fatty acid cycle, substrate-competition cycle, etc.) Women, with higher estrogen and growth hormone, usually have more free fatty acids than men, and during exercise oxidize a higher proportion of fatty acids than men do. This fatty acid exposure decreases glucose tolerance, and undoubtedly explains womens  higher incidence of diabetes."

- 2000 - July

"While most fatty acids inhibit the oxidation of glucose without immediately inhibiting glycolysis, palmitic acid is unusual, in its inhibition of glycolysis and lactate production without inhibiting oxidation. I assume that this largely has to do with its important function in cardiolipin and cytochrome oxidase."

- 2000 - July

"Light promotes glucose oxidation, and is known to activate the key respiratory enzyme. Winter sickness {including lethargy and weight gain), and night stress, have to be included within the idea of the respiratory defect, shifting to the antirespiratory production of lactic acid, and damaging the mitochondria"

- 2000 - July (1)

"Carbon dioxide formation is the essence of oxidative metabolism, along with the formation of metabolic water, from the interactions of carbon fuel, electrons, and oxygen. Even before carbon dioxide has covalently reacted with water, to form carbonic acid, it has a great affinity for electrons. This affinity, which predisposes it to react with water and amines, governs its non-covalent  adsorptive properties, but these are passed over by Most physioiogists."

- 2000 - January - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The overall charge on proteins and other macrolecules is, in general, a matter of the pH of their environment. Usually, cellular proteins have a negative charge above a pH of 5. The tonization of chemical groups such as hydroxyl, amino, and sulfhydryl are responsible for the overall charge. The degree of oxidation or reduction affects the number of sulfhydryl groups, and the structural state of the protein also influences the charge. At high pH the charge is high, and the number and arrangement of sulfhydryl groups can affect the charge. The presence of small tons, carbon dioxide, and oxygen also influence the charge of proteins. When the whole living system 1s involved, bioelectricity interacts with other electron-related phenomena, including oxidationreduction, pH, donor-acceptor and free radical reactions."

- 1998 - Ray Peat's Newsletter - 2

"The biological value of the antioxidants is that they allow oxygen to be used productively, rather than destructively. When something interferes with the normal, productive use of oxygen, there is a great increase in the destructive forms of oxidation, such as lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidative reserves become crucial. That is, decreased respiration of the productive sort tends to increase the destructive use of oxygen."

- 1997 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Optimizing respiration means increasing the uses of oxygen that provide energy and increase functional capacity, while decreasing the forms of oxidation that impair functioning and decrease the production of useful energy."

- 1997 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Increased protein catabolism or blockage of oxidative consumption of Krebs cycle fuel--for example by poisoning--makes these precursors available to enter the porphyrin pathway."

- 1997 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The synthesis of heme/porphyrin, and the production of red blood cells, are stimulated by a lack | of oxygen, or by toxins such as arsenic and iron, which cause oxidative stress. Emphysema, high elevation, sluggish circulation,. and nocturnal breathing problems can cause enough oxygen deficiency to stimulate the formation of new red blood cells."

- 1997 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"In general, lactic acid in the blood can be taken as a sign of defective respiration, since the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid increases to make up for deficient oxidative energy production. Normal aging seems to involve a tendency toward excess lactic acid production, and age-pigment is known to activate the process."

- 1997 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"A weakened ability to oxidatively produce energy can lead to the maladaptive over-productionof collagen, porphyrins, red blood cells, and other tissues and substances, which in turn can lead to many adaptive and maladaptive changes. I think skin and mucous membranes provide a good illustration of the way respiratory potential influences structure: Estrogen-increased keratinization is opposed by vitamin A, which increases the proportion of active, differentiated cells."

- 1997 - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"various studies* show that cellular oxidative stress promotes iron retention, which would be logical, since iron is essential for respiration, and calls struggling to respire would tend to use evolved mechanisms for retaining the iron needed to form new respiratory enzymes."

- 1994 - June - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Antioxidants, especially vitamin E, prevent tissue damage by promoting normal oxidation."

- 1992 - June - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"A complete list of protective nutritional chemicals and natural drugs or analogs to our endogenous protective factors would be very long, but we should give special thought to certain ones, including succinic acid, which stimulates respiration and protective steroid synthesis; thyroid and vitamin E, which promote normal oxidation while preventing abnormal oxidation; magnesium; sodium and lithium, which help us to retain magnesium; tropical fruits, which contain GHB; coconut oil, which protects against cardiac necrosis, lipid peroxidation, hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, and histamine damage; valium agonists, natural anti-histamines; adenosine and uridine. Visits to higher elevations, and exposure to bright, long-wave light, can cause the body to optimize its own antistress chemistry. Avoiding the sense of being trapped is a high-level adaptive factor."

- 1992 - June - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"The supplementation of pregnenolone, etc., will allow dietary vitamin A to be spared for other purposes, including regulation of mitosis, differentation, and oxidation."

- 1992 - August.September - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Although I had investigated the association of estrogen with cancer, and knew from my own experience with migraines that stress, diet and hormones interacted in powerful ways, when I began to investigate the oxidative metabolism of the uterus I didn’t realize that it would involve a convergence of several of my main interests."

- 1990 - October - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Sugars, proteins, and the saturated fats produced by warm organisms can be eaten by warm-blooded animals with no particular side-effects. Organisms that live at low temperatures, however, contain unsaturated fats. The consumption of large amounts of unsaturated fats lowers the metabolic rate, and accumulated unsaturated fats are susceptible to a spontaneous and toxic form of oxidation."

- 1990 - October - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Koch soon constructed a theory of natural immunity against virus and cancer, based on his belief in the existence of biological free radicals, able to oxidize virus particles and carcinogenic molecules. Koch believed that allergies were an early sign of the failure of this free radical oxidation system.!"

- 1988 - August.September - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"Just as with the anesthetic substances which modify the physical state of the cell, retarding viral replication, the oxidative protective system has several points at which intervention is possible to support detoxification, and to promote protein turnover."

- 1988 - August.September - Ray Peat's Newsletter

"While W.F. Koch was interested in the body’s own oxidative free radical system of destroying toxins and pathogens, he studied several natural quinones found in medicinal plants."

- 1988 - August.September - Ray Peat's Newsletter